Enders Shadow or Enders Game :: Free Essay Writer

Ender's Shadow or Ender's Game Journal - Enders Shadow Entry 1 In this story there is an alien race called the buggers, they have attacked earth before and now the I.F. (International Fleet) is training the younger generation to be commanders of the next fleet. The main character in Enders Shadow is Bean. He lives on the streets of Rotterdam, in the allies and under steps. Like many other children living on the streets, it is very sparse to find food. Most survive by the leftovers they find in the trash. Bean, being the smallest of the children was the skinniest of them all. He was extremely small. He was on his last few days of life and was so weak he gave up on finding food. That very day a crew leader named Poke (crews were a group of children that shared the food that they found and they had crew leaders) gave Bean 7 peanuts and she asked for his name. But he said he hadn’t received a name, so they called him Bean. There were food shelters that gave food out every morning but crews with young children couldn’t get in because of the older children that were bullies. And most of the time bullies would come and take food from the crews instead of beating them up. Bean had a plan to threaten one bully to protect the crew and I n return he would be allowed to live. They choose to pick the bully named Achilles because he was born with a bad leg and he needed the crew for his safety. They jumped Achilles and held a rock over his head and told him their plan and he agreed to go along with it but Bean told Poke to kill him as and example to the other bullies, but Achilles was smart and he persuaded them to let him be there protector. Entry 2 Achilles made a plan to get the children into the kitchens. When the bullies started lining up for the kitchen Achilles sent one of the crewmembers named Sergeant to the second place in the line budding in front of the meanest bully. The bully shoved the kid into the ground. Achilles came up to the bully and asked him why he pushed Sergeant into the bully in the front. Achilles explained how he was just saving his place in line, until he pushed him into his friend.

Essay --

The Implementation of Sovereign Power: Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau Written By: Jessica Zhou - 250967181 Introduction to Political Theory - POL 2237E TA: Bojan Ratković Handed In On February 11, 2014 â€Æ' Sovereign power can be understood to be the right to enforce the law or to enact a form of legitimate justice within the realms of a state. Sovereignty is associated with the rule of a sovereign or an authoritative entity, which ultimately characterizes how a government regime is managed. It can take many forms and can be bestowed in a multitude of ways. With the emergence of states and powerful figureheads comes the question of where legitimate power lies. The political theories found in Thomas Hobbes’s The Leviathan, John Locke’s Second Treatise on Government, and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Of the Social Contract all attempt to answer this long-standing question of where sovereign power should operate and why a certain form of government is ideal. Although many differences lie in these three theorist’s political philosophies, all three comment on the creation of a social contract and how this agreement made among individuals in a society is fundamental to t he functionality of a state. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau all have a very different view of how society should function, and to fully understand and contrast their ideas, a brief overview of each theory should first be explained. Thomas Hobbes believes that sovereignty should be placed in the hands of a single person who holds absolute power. He argues that this absolute sovereign will ensure the protection and common defense of all citizens and will organize civil peace. Hobbes views the natural state of man as inherently violent and is the â€Å"war of every man against every man... ...ions. On the contrary, if every person were to advocate for what they see should be done, then a general consensus will be hard to reach. If we briefly consider Rousseau’s form of government, the belief that everyone will have the same opinion about what is good for the whole community is too optimistic. Realistically, Rousseau’s theory of bestowing sovereign power upon all the people will create a very scattered pool of opinionated groups that feel their ‘general will’ is the best and few decisions will be made. But if we consider the formation of a legislative branch of government that represented the general public’s opinions, such like in Locke’s theory, an overall agreement can be reached. Therefore, Locke’s arguments reflect a more practical practice of government, where the people are not merely subjects of a single sovereign, but hold sovereignty themselves.

Nutrition Essay

Holozoic nutrition (Gr. holo means-whole ; zoikos means-of animals) is a method of nutrition that involves the ingestion of liquid or solid organic material, digestion, absorption and assimilation of it to utilize it. It includes taking in the complex substances and converting them into simpler forms. Example, proteins can be broken into amino acids. This method suggests phagocytosis where the cell membrane completely surrounds a food particle[pic] Parasitic Nutrition is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition where an organism (known as a parasite) lives on the body surface or inside the body of another type of organism (known as a host). The parasite obtains nutrition directly from the body of the host. Since these parasites derive their nourishment from their host, this symbiotic interaction is often described as harmful to the host. Parasites are dependent on their host for survival, since the host provides nutrition and protection. As a result of this dependence, parasites have considerable modifications to optimise parasitic nutrition and therefore their survival. Saprotrophic nutrition (pron.: /sà ¦prÉ µÃ‹Ë†trÉ’fÉ ªk/) is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of dead or decayed organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs or heterotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi, for example Mucor and Rhizopus. The process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae.[1] Autotrophic Nutrition The term autotroph has been derived from two Greek wards-auto means self and troph means nutrition. In this mode of nutrition, the organisms prepare their own food from simple raw materials like water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts in the presence of sunlight. Chlorophylls present in the chloroplast or green plants are the site of food production. Accordingly all green plants are the examples of this category. The process by which they synthesize food is known as photosynthesis. Some nongreen becteria like sulphur bacteria can use energy which they derive from some chemical reactions occurring in them. With this energy they manufacture their food. This process is called chemosynthesis. Thus the autotrophs include both the photosynthetic and che4mosynthetic organisms. Heterotrophic Nutrition The word heterotrophy has been derived from two Greek words-hetero means different and troph refers to nutrition of food. The organisms which derive their food from others are known as heterotrophic organisms. They depend for their food on other organisms, hence they are called consumers. All animals, human beings and non-green plans like fungi come under this category. They consume complex organic food prepared by autotrophs or producers and break it into simple from to derive nourishment. Thus the difference between heterotrophy and autotrophs is basically in the mode of production of food. Due to lack of chlorophyll, heterotrophs cannot synthesize their food while autotrophs can perform photosynthesis.

Geology Study Guide Essay

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology?|1)| A)physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past B)physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past C)historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface D)none of the above – physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same 2)|________ was the highly influential, ancient Greek philosopher noted for his writings and teachings|2)| |on natural philosophy and on the workings of Earth.|||| |A) Pappagapolis|B) Aristotle|C) Nero|D) Odysseus|| 3)|Compared to the age of Earth accepted as correct today, how did 17th and 18th century proponents|3)| |of catastrophism envision the Earth’s age?|||| A) They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years. B)They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates C)They believed Earth to be much older than current estimates D)None of the above — they didn’t really address the age of Earth 4) Which one of the following observations and inferences is consistent with the idea of|4)| uniformitarianism?|| A) lava flows on the seafloor precipitated from seawater B)sand rolling along a stream bottom shows that sediment is moving downstream C)erupting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean, coal beds D)all of the above 5)|________ was an important 18th century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism.|5)| |A) Isaac Newton|B) James Hutton|C) Charles Lyell|D) James Ussher|| 6)|The currently accepted age of Earth is ________ years.|||6)| |A) 4.6 billion|B) 6.4 million|C) 6.4 trillion|D) 4.6 thousand|| 7)|Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition?|7)| A) older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale B)any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers C)strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossils D)older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata 8)|The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon.|8)| |A) Paleozoic|B) Permian|C) Proterozoic|D) Paleocene|| 9)|The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.||9)| |A) asthenosphere|B) eosphere|C) astrosphere|D) lithosphere|| 1 10)|A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific|10)| |observations.||||| |A) generalization|B) law|C) hypothesis|D) theory|| 11)|All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________.|11)| A) the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts B)development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses C)assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation D)the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement 12)|________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.||12)| |A) Indigenous|B) Primary|C) Igneous|D) Sedimentary|| 13)|________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.||13)| |A) Secondary|B) Sedimentary|C) Metamorphic|D) Igneous|| 14)|During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, direct observations showed that a glacier|14)| |in Switzerland flowed forward in the downhill direction while its snout (terminus) was retreating|| |higher up the valley? Which of the following explains these observations in a rational, scientific|| |way?||||| A) cooler temperatures meant slower forward glacier flow resulting in snout retreat B)the glacial hypothesis was finally accepted as a scientific theory C)the melting rate of ice in the glacier exceeded the rate at which new snow and ice were added to the glacier D)rocky debris in the valley downhill from the snout was deposited by Noah’s flood 15)|In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?||15)| |A) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere|B) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust|| |C) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere|D) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust|| 16)|The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth.||16)| |A) biosphere|B) atmosphere|C) hydrosphere|D) asthenosphere|| 17)|A ________ system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter enters or leaves|17)| |the system.||||| |A) equilibrated|B) feedback|C) closed|D) open|| 18)|________ is often paraphrased as â€Å"the present is the key to the past.†||18)| |A) Aristotelian logic||B) Biblical prophecy||| |C) Catastrophism||D) Uniformitarianism||| 19)|________, a popular natural philosophy of the 17th and early 18th centuries, was based on a firm|19)| |belief in a very short geologic history for Earth.|||| |A) Exoschism||B) Uniformitarianism||| |C) Ecospherism||D) Catastrophism||| 20)|The ________ proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from|20)| |a rotating cloud of gases and dust.|||| |A) Big Band theory||B) Heliocentric theory||| |C) Nebular hypothesis||D) Plate Tectonics theory||| 2 21)|The ________ is not a part of the Earth’s physical environment.||21)| |A) solid Earth|B) atmosphere|C) hydrosphere|D) astrosphere|| 22)|________ is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments.|22)| |A) Lithification|B) Metamorphism|C) Weathering|D) Subduction|| 23)|Which one of the following statements is not correct?|||23)| A) magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks B)sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks C)igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism D)metamorphic rocks may melt to magma 24)|The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be ________.||24)| |A) peridotite||B) granite||| |C) basalt||D) solid iron-nickel alloy||| 25)|The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth.||25)| |A) mantle|B) outer core|C) inner core|D) crust|| 26)|The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth’s interior.||26)| |A) inner core|B) lithosphere|C) outer core|D) mantle|| 27)|The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth.|||27)| |A) mantle|B) outer core|C) inner core|D) crust|| 28)|All of the following provide evidence or clues to the composition of Earth’s interior except for|28)| |________.||||| A) slivers of crustal and mantle rocks now exposed at Earth’s surface B)diamond-bearing rocks C)comets D)meteorites 29)|The relatively stable interior portion of a continent is known as a ________.|29)| |A) shield|B) craton|C) belt|D) platform| 30)|Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ________.|30)| A) along only the eastern margins of continents B)scattered throughout continents C)along the margins of continents D)in the interior regions of continents 31) The continental shelf is located ________.|31)| A) between the continental rise and the abyssal plains B)landward of the continental slope C)between the continental slope and continental rise D)seaward of the continental slope 32) The most prominent feature on the ocean floor are the ________.|32)| A) deep-ocean trenches|B) seamounts|| C) oceanic ridges|D) lava plateaus|| 3 33) In sedimentary rocks, lithification includes ________.33) A) crystallization and coolingB) cementation and weathering C) compaction and cementationD) compaction and transportation SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. 34) a. hypothesis|b. theory|c. fact|d. observation|34)| 35) a. hydrosphere|b. biosphere|c. atmosphere|d. solid Earth|35)| 36) a. protosun|b. Oort cloud|c. protoplanets|d. meteorites|36)| 37) a. crust|b. mantle|c. lithosphere|d. core|37)| 38) a. mountain belt|b. shield|c. craton|d. stable platform|38)| 39) a. abyssal plain|b. seamount|c. oceanic ridge|d. continental slope|39)| 40) a. pressure|b. foliation|c. hydrothermal fluids|d. melting|40)| TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false. 41)|Aristotle and other prominent Greek philosophers were the first ones to promote the doctrine of|41)| |uniformitarianism. F|| 42)|Internally, the Earth consists of spherical shells with different compositions and densities. T|42)| 43)|The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere. F|43)| 44)|The doctrine of uniformitarianism implies that the current forces and processes shaping the Earth|44)| |have been operating for a very long time. T|| 45)|The law of superposition applies primarily to sedimentary rocks and lava flows. T|45)| 46)|The currently accepted age of Earth is approximately 4.5 million years. F|46)| 47)|A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific|47)| |observations. F|| 48)|Oceans cover slightly less than half of the Earth’s surface. F|48)| 49)|In an open system both energy and matter flow into and out of the system. T|49)| 50)|According to the nebular hypothesis, all of the bodies in the universe evolved from a rotating cloud|50)| |of gases and dust about 5 billion years ago. F|| 4 51)The lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere are all layers of Earth defined by their composition. T 52)Much of our modeling of Earth’s interior comes from the study of seismic or earthquake waves. T 53)Continental shields and stable platforms are part of the interior region known as a craton. T 54)According to the rock cycle, any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be transformed into another type of rock, given enough time. T 55)Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand and mud. F SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 56)|List the two, broad, traditional subject areas of geologic study. Physical, Historical|56)| 57)|The statement â€Å"the present is the key to the past,† describes what basic geologic concept or|57)| |doctrine? Uniformitarianism|| 58)|The ________ states that fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and|58)| |determinable order. Principle of fossil succession|| 59)|In natural systems, mechanisms that drive or enhance change are called†¦Positive feedback|59)| 60)|The thin, outer layer of Earth, from 7 to 40 km in thickness, is called the Crust|60)| 61)|The ________ is the relatively rigid zone above the asthenosphere that includes the crust|61)| |and upper mantle. Lithosphere|| 62)|The ________ is the solid, rocky shell between the crust and outer core. Mantle|62)| 63)|The convective flow of liquid, metallic iron in the ________ is thought to generate Earth’s|63)| |magnetic field. Outer core|| 64)|Moving from the shoreline towards the deep-ocean basin, the continental margin may|64)| |include the continental shelf________, _slope_______, and the ___rise_____.|| 65)|What type of rock comprises most of the exposed surface of Earth (roughly 75%)?Sedimentary| 65)|    MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 66) Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?|66)| A)a mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern B)a rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles C)in a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains D)a rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks 67)|Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?||67)| |A) neutron|B) protons|C) electron|D) selectron|| 68)|Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ________.|68)| |A) electrons in the valence bond level|B) electrons in the nucleus|| |C) protons in the nucleus||D) neutrons in the outer nuclear shell|| 69)|Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?||69)| A)nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleons B)atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges C)atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons D)nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds 70) Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element?|70)| A) the atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons B)the atoms have different numbers of electrons but the same number of neutrons C)the atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons D)the atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons 71)|What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?||71)| |A) muscovite|B) silicate|C) diamond|D) native gold|| 72)|Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible|72)| |bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?|||| |A) calcite|B) dolomite|C) quartz|D) plagioclase|| 73)|Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (Si02)?|||73)| |A) diamond|B) quartz|C) olivine|D) calcite|| 74)|Which of the following minerals is a silicate?|||74)| |A) calcite|B) halite|C) hematite|D) muscovite|| 6 75)|A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This|75)| |indicates that ________.||||| |A) gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz||| |B) gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine||| |C) olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold||| |D) gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon||| 76)|Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with twinning striations?|76)| |A) microcline|B) orthoclase|C) plagioclase|D) sanidine|| 77)|Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?||77)| |A) muscovite|B) quartz|C) hornblende|D) orthoclase|| 78)|Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica?||78)| |A) augite|B) muscovite|C) olivine|D) orthoclase|| 79)|Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?||79)| A) they contain magnetite and ferroite and they are clear to light green B)they are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements magnesium and ferrium C)they are black to dark-green, silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium D)they contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic lusters 80)|Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?|80)| |A) clays|B) feldspars|C) carbonates|D) pyroxenes|| 81)|Which one of the following is a typical product of weathering?||81)| |A) clays||B) feldspars||| |C) micasmicas||D) ferromagnesians||| 82)|The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.||82)| |A) 4 oxygen ions|B) 4 sodium ions|C) 6 oxygen ions|D) 6 sodium ions|| 83)|Which one of the following describes a mineral’s response to mechanical impact?|83)| |A) crystal form|B) luster|C) streak|D) cleavage|| 84)|Chrysotile, crocidolite, and amosite are different mineralogical forms of what industrial|84)| |commodity?||||| |A) Portland cement||B) gemstones||| |C) asbestos||D) metallic sulfide ores||| 85)|Which of the following diseases has been linked directly to prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust?|85)| |A) diabetes||B) lung cancer||| |C) glaucoma||D) muscular dystrophy||| 86)|Which of the following is the unit of weight used for measuring diamonds (about 0.2 grams)?|86)| |A) carat|B) Troy ounce|C) kilo|D) point|| 87)|Which of the following denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry?||87)| |A) carette|B) carlot|C) carnot|D) karat|| 7 88)|Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral ________.||88)| |A) diamond|B) corundum|C) emerald|D) turquoise|| 89)|All silicate minerals contain which two elements?|||89)| |A) iron, silicon|B) silicon, oxygen|C) oxygen, carbon|D) silicon, sodium|| 90)|Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions?||90)| |A) halite|B) diamond|C) talc|D) olivine|| 91)|What element is the most abundant in the Earth’s crust by weight?||91)| |A) chlorine|B) carbon|C) oxygen|D) sodium|| 92)|The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as|92)| |________.||||| |A) cracking luster|B) cleavage|C) crystal form|D) streak|| 93)|What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?|93)| |A) isotope|B) ion|C) molecule|D) nucleon|| 94)|An atom’s mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?|94)| |A) 13|B) 7|C) 6|D) 19|| 95)|Which one of the following is not true for minerals?|||95)| A) they have a specific, predictable chemical composition B)they have a specific, internal, crystalline structure C)they can be a liquid, solid, or glass D)they can be identified by characteristic physical properties 96)|In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?|96)| |A) isotopic|B) subatomic|C) covalent|D) ionic|| 97)|How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?||97)| A) they are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move B)they move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions C)they react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells D)they can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral 98)|Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth’s crust?|98)| |A) chlorides|B) silicates|C) carbonates|D) sulfides| 99)|Which the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles?|99)| |A) neutrons|B) protons|C) isotrons|D) electrons| 100)|What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles?|100)| |A) electrons|B) uranium nuclei|C) protons|D) neutrons| 101)|Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?|101)| |A) gold|B) quartz|C) wood|D) water| 8 102)|Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric?||102)| |A) calcite|B) diamond|C) talc|D) quartz|| 103)|Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?|103)| |A) fluorescence||B) virtual absorption||| |C) color streak||D) luster||| 104)|What is the name of dark-colored mica?|||104)| |A) biotite|B) quartz|C) calcite|D) olivine|| 105)|Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?||105)| |A) sheet||B) double chains||| |C) 3-D framework||D) metallic||| SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. 106) a. electron|b. atom|c. proton|d. neutron|106)| 107) a. hardness|b. streak|c. luster|d. cleavage|107)| 108) a. quartz|b. olivine|c. feldspar|d. calcite|108)| 109) a. olivine|b. quartz|c. amphibole|d. pyroxene|109)| 110) a. galena|b. calcite|c. gypsum|d. halite|110)| TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false. 111)Calcite and dolomite are both carbonate minerals. T 112)Graphite and diamond have the same chemical compositions and different crystalline structures. T 113)Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals. T 114)Mineral luster is broadly classified as either being metallic or opaque. F 115)Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons. T 116)Rock-forming silicate minerals have higher specific gravities than water. T 117)In a silicon-oxygen structural unit, silicon atoms occupy corners of a tetrahedron. F 118)Calcite and halite react with dilute acids to evolve carbon dioxide. F 119)All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number. F 120)Orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars have quite different forms of cleavage. F 121)Diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a single element. F 122)The micas, biotite and muscovite, both exhibit one direction of cleavage. T 123)Nonmetallic minerals like quartz and gypsum have no industrial uses. F 124)Ferromagnesian silicate minerals contain some magnesium and/or iron. T 125)Positive ions are atoms that have gained electrons during a chemical reaction. F 126)Isotopes of the same element have the same mass number. F SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 127)|Moh’s hardness scale is a relative measure of which physical property of minerals? Hardness|127)| 128)|What physical property denotes the color of a powdered mineral? Streak|128)| 129)|The physical property denoting a mineral’s tendency to crack along parallel, planar|129)| |surfaces is known as what? Cleavage|| 130)|What is the hardest mineral known? Diamond|130)| 131)|What is the chemical composition of graphite and diamond? Carbon|131)| 132)|In atoms, which electrons are involved in chemical bonding? The valence electrons/outer shell|132)| 133)|A compound is a stable chemical substance composed of two or more what? Elements|133)| 134)|What is the dominant form of chemical bonding exhibited by minerals such as native gold,|134)| |native copper and copper-rich sulfides? Metallic|| 135)|What two major characteristics differentiate minerals from natural glasses? highly viscous; cools quickly|135)| 136)|Most glasses and some minerals exhibit a type of fracture characterized by nested and|136)| |curved, crack surfaces. What term describes this property? conchoidal fracture|| 137)|Parallel, straight, linear imperfections visible on the cleavage surfaces of plagioclase|137)| |feldspar are called what? Striations|| 138)|What is the smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive chemical|138)| |characteristics of the individual elements? Atoms|| 139)|What ferromagnesian silicate mineral is named for its green color? Olivine|139)| 140) What mineral group forms by the breakdown and weathering of rock-forming silicate|140)| minerals and are important constituents of soils? Clay|| ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 141) Label the various parts of an atom in the diagram below. 11

Disease Process Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Health Essay

This assignment will discourse the pathophysiology of a disease procedure of chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) . It will besides demo how biological, psychological and the societal facets of the disease that can hold an affect on an person ‘s twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. COPD stands for chronic clogging pneumonic disease. This is a term used for a figure of conditions ; including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD leads to damaged air passages in the lungs, doing them to go narrower and doing it harder for air to acquire in and out of the lungs. The word ‘chronic ‘ agencies that the job is long-run. COPD is a status which chiefly affects people over the age of 40, and COPD has a higher prevalence happening among adult females than work forces ( NHS-Choices, 2008 ) . COPD is besides a status that is long term and incurable that can hold a serious affects on wellness and quality of life, its non to the full understood why COPD develops. ( Marieb, 2003 ) . The pupil will besides integrate local and national wellness and societal policies, including models that are in topographic point in relation to the patients unwellness. The pupil identified a patient named Mrs J. She was admitted to hospital due to aggravation of COPD. Her primary diagnosing is Osteoarthritis of the Hip but besides had symptoms of emphysema. Mrs J is a 55 twelvemonth old adult females and is married, Mrs J be sides has an older kid whom she has become rather dependent on and felt like she had impacted on her kid ‘s life and had become a hinderances. Mrs J has become more dyspneic as her status develops over clip and more so while she was lying in bed unable to transport out her day-to-day activities such as making the housekeeping, leisure activities, besides looking after her visual aspect as she usually would hold done at place. COPD is going one of the fastest prima causes of disablement ( NHS picks, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to British Lung Foundation, ( 2010 ) a recent study, 83 % of COPD patients said their COPD slows them down, 79 % said they had to cut down their activities and 56 % said their status has a great affect on their households. COPD is the most common respiratory conditions in grownups in the developed universe and poses an tremendous load to society both in footings of direct cost to the health care services and indirect costs to society through loss of productivene ss. Recent analysis estimated that National Health Service ( NHS ) spends ?818 million yearly in the United Kingdom ( UK ) . ( British Thoracic Society, 2006 ) . However 50 % of the cost is accounted for by ill managed aggravations ensuing in frequent re-admissions to infirmary ( Coakley & A ; Ruston, 2001 ) . Mrs J status would of been triggered by her heavy smoke, the toxins from her coffin nails has made her bronchioles ( airway and lungs ) become inflamed and contracting the air passage, this will take to irreversible harm to the respiratory system by blockading the bronchial air flow and impeding gaseous exchange within the air sac ( Munden, J, 2007 ) . Mrs J suffers from many symptoms due to her smoking these include shortness of breath, a relentless cough, xanthous green phlegm, marks of cyanosis to her lips, besides Mrs J has continued to smoke as she thinks the harm has already been done so her status. The huge bulk of COPD patients are tobacco users. By halting smoking patients can decelerate the rate of diminution in lung map and therefore better the patient ‘s chances in footings of symptoms and endurance. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence counsel on COPD provinces that â€Å" All patients still smoking, irrespective of age, should be encouraged to halt, and offered aid to make so, at every chance. † These present a little dosage of medical specialty to the lungs, doing the air passage musculuss to open up. Bronchodilators are besides effectual in forestalling over-expansion of the lungs. Short-acting beta2-agonists are the most normally used short moving bronchodilaors for COPD. Their effects last for approximately 4 hours. Short-acting antichloinergics are besides used as bronchodilators. Long-acting beta2-agonists are similar to the short-acting agonists described above but their consequence lasts for 12 hours. Lomg-acting anti-cholinergics need merely be taken one time a twenty-four hours. The NICE counsel recommends that short-acting bronchodilators should be used for the initial intervention for shortness of breath and exercising restriction and goes on to state that, if this is n't holding an consequence so the intervention should be intensified utilizing eith Er a long-acting bronchodilator or a combined therapy with a short moving beta2-agonist and a short-acting anticholinergic The respiratory system is the major portion for gases exchange to take topographic point, it allows takes the air that enters are organic structures when we inhale and travels through the respiratory system, interchanging O for C dioxide and expels C dioxide when we exhale ( munden, J, 2007 ) . In the NHS there is a tool to cipher the smoke burden and the battalions in a twelvemonth this tool is called smoking battalion tool, this was used to see the harm that Mrs J had caused by smoking for so many old ages. This is because the earnestness of the disease depends on how much and how long the person has smoked for. Mrs J has been smoking now for 45 old ages and on a mean twenty-four hours holding up to 40 coffin nails a twenty-four hours and is non prepared to discontinue as she feels the harm is already done. Mrs J fumes for comfort and feels that its all for her pleasance, she has become really stray, her chronic bronchitis makes her breathless when making actives and is non able to make her day-to-day activities hence is going depressed. Make this holding a immense impact on her mental and societal parts of her life. Patients with COPD have traditionally been divided intoA pink puffersA andA bluish bloatersA based on their physiological response to abnormal blood gases.A The former work hard to keep a normal pO2A which is why they puff off. They tend to hold a barrel-shaped, hyperinflated thorax and breath through pursed lips. The latter are bluish because of hypoxia and polycythaemia. They are frequently corpulent and have H2O keeping. This is why they are bloated. TheA bluish bloatersA are dependent upon hypoxia for their respiratory thrust and to give O and strip them of this will take to signficantA hypercapniaA and acerb base instability. Although this construct is widely taught and acknowledged academically, in clinical pattern patients tend non to be clearly in one or the other of these two classs ( NICE Clinical Guideline ( 2004 ) Patients like Mrs J with airflow restriction clinically they have become known as ‘pink blowfishs ‘ and ‘blue bloaters ‘ ( Kleinschmidt, 2008 ) . Mrs J falls under the term ‘blue bloaters ‘ as she linked to chronic bronchitis due to cyanosis which is a bluish touch to the lips, which occurs from hapless gas exchange. ‘pink blowfishs ‘ has been linked to emphysema as the patients may be demoing marks of weight loss, utilizing their accoutrement musculuss with pursed lips giving them a ruddy skin color, they may besides follow the tripod sitting place ( Kleinschmidt, 2008 ) . Although these conditions separate the patient may show with little fluctuations of them both, nevertheless they do distinguish through their implicit in procedure, marks and symptoms ( Bellamy & A ; Booker, 2004 ) . Air passages and air pouch within the lungs are manfully elastic, with the air we breath the lungs change form with inspiration they expand and return to the normal form after they have been stretched with air. Mucociliary clearance is an of import primary innate defence mechanism that protects the lungs from hurtful effects of inhaled pollutants, allergens, and pathogens. Mucociliary disfunction is a common characteristic of chronic air passage diseases in worlds. The mucociliary setup consists of three functional compartments, that is, the cilia, a protective mucous secretion bed, and an airway surface liquid ( ASL ) bed, which work in concert to take inhaled atoms from the lung. The nose and rhinal pit are composed of ciliated columnar epithelial tissue cells which contain goblet cells and cilia, the goblet cells are responsible for releasing mucous secretion which is able to pin down the finer atoms from inspired air and the cilia which are all right hairs that can pin down larger atoms. The cilia carry ‘s the atoms by a sweeping gesture this is swept to the oral cavity or intrude where it can so be swallowed, coughed or sneezed out of the organic structure in order to forestall these atoms from come ining the lungs ( Munden, J, 2007 ) . The two major beginnings of mucous secretion secernment in the respiratory piece of land are the surface epithelial goblet cells and mucose cells. In lungs, goblet cells are present in the big bronchial tube, going progressively thin toward the bronchioles. The submucosal secretory organs are restricted to the big air passages with their denseness diminishing with airway quality. In chronic respiratory diseases, such as COPD and asthma, submucosal secretory organs addition in size ( hypertrophy ) , and the figure of goblet cells is increased ( hyperplasia ) , going more dense in the peripheral air passages, via a phenotypic transition of nongoblet epithelial cells ( metaplasia ) ( Rogers, 1994 ; Jackson, 2001 ) . The increased of goblet cells denseness to ciliated cells in the bronchioles, under the conditions of hypersecretion, this impairs clearance of mucous secretion. Lung histology from patients affected by COPD and asthma besides shows the presence of hydrops, which can further cut down airway quality and via media lung map. A pronounced airway infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes is besides present, chiefly neutrophils in COPD and eosinophils in asthma ( Postma and Kerstjens, 1998 ) . In clinical surveies, these inflammatory parametric quantities have been shown to correlate with a decrease in lung map ( FEV1 ) and an overdone bronchoconstriction [ airway hyperreactivity ( AHR ) ] to nonspecific stimulations ( Postma and Kerstjens, 1998 ) . Smoking has many effects on the air passages. Inhaled fume destroys the cilia that are of import for traveling mucous secretion to the pharynx for get downing. As a consequence, mucous secretion accumulates in the bronchioles and irritates the sensitive tissues at that place, doing a cough. Coughing is critical as it is the lone manner tobacco users can take mucous secretion from their lungs and maintain the air passages clean ( Rubin, 2002 ) . This is characterised by the ‘smoker ‘s cough ‘ . Changeless coughing to unclutter the phlegm has an consequence on the smooth musculus of the bronchioles which becomes hypertrophied ( enlarged or overgrown ) . This in bend causes more mucus secretory organs to develop. The goblet cells are replaced within the little air passages ( bronchial tube ) with Clara cells they are another signifier of releasing cell these are of import they form ciliated cells and to assist renew the bronchiolar epithelial tissue, they produce hypophase constituent and a peptidase inhibitor these aid protect the lungs by wipe uping up dust ( Stokley et al, 2006 ) .To accomplish gas exchange the lung has two constituents ; air passages and the air sac. The air passages are two ramifying cannular transitions that allow air to travel in and out of the lungs, the wider sections of the air passages are called the windpipe and the two bronchial tube traveling to the right and left lung. The smaller sections are called the bronchioles and at the terminal of the bronchioles are the air sac which are thin walled pouch like a clump of grapes ; little blood vass ( capillaries ) run in the walls of the air sac this is where gas exchange between air and blood takes topographic point. ( Matterporth & A ; Matfin, 2009 ) . Rogers, 1994 ; Jackson, 2001 Chronic clogging pneumonic disease, NICE Clinical Guideline ( 2004 ) ; A Management of chronic clogging pneumonic disease in grownups in primary and secondary attention COPD. BMJ Clinical Evidence.A www.clinicalevidence.com, accessed 10 June 2009 Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 10th edition ) Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. ( 2000 ) W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia ; London. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ; September 2005. Britton M ; The load of COPD in the U.K. : consequences from the Confronting COPD study. ; A Respir Med.2003 Mar ; 97 Suppl C: S71-9. [ abstract ] Chronic clogging pneumonic disease, NICE Clinical Guideline ( 2004 ) ; A Management of chronic clogging pneumonic disease in grownups in primary and secondary attention Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson TJ, et Al ; Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic clogging pneumonic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18 ; ( 4 ) : CD003793. [ abstract ] Barr RG, Bourbeau J, Camargo CA, et Al ; Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic clogging pneumonic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18 ; ( 2 ) : CD002876

Critical Incident Essay

It was a cold friday afternoon as I sat at the bus stop waiting to get home. I had just got out of an intense Friday lecture from the Northampton local Mosque. The Imam was furious and obviously disgusted at the behavior of our generation. â€Å"How do we live with ourselves† Imam Aseem Ibrahim had said. â€Å"Most of us have enough to feed ourselves and our family, even buy the latest gadgets just because we can but do we feed the poor? Do we clothed them?† He said in anger as he chocked on the words. The lecture kept on playing in my head as I waited for the bus. It made me realize, we could do some good with the money we spend on some unnecessary things especially the ones we buy for ourselves to please others. Earlier, I had planned on buying the new Manchester United away jersey, but with what the Imam said, I don’t think I need it anymore. I could use at least half the money to do good for others. Just as I drift on my thoughts, I noticed a fish and chips cart which reminded me of the breakfast and lunch I had missed. I had been staying up late studying that I forgot about a couple of meals. â€Å"Don’t starve yourself in the course of feeding others.† The Imam had said while giving his lectures. I starved myself but it wasn’t because I was trying to feed anybody, I was just trying to catch up on loss time. I got up and got myself some fish and chips then sat back at the bus stop seats. As soon as I had the first swallow, I realized I could help poor people by feeding them delicious food with a reasonable amount of money. The food was relatively cheap. I smiled and continued to enjoy. Halfway through my meal, I saw a little Indian boy with an elderly woman walking towards my direction. The boy smiled at me so I smiled and offered him my food. The little boy smiled again and shook his head. â€Å"Are you sure?’ He shook his head and stopped walking. â€Å"Alright then.† I went on with my meal. A few minutes later, the bus arrived and just as I motioned to get on it, the elderly woman furiously said some words to me in Hindu. I shrugged and got on the bus. When I arrived home, I found my roommate Taneem watching a Hindu movie. I noticed something weird as I watched a little with him. â€Å"Why is the subtitle saying yes while the woman keeps shaking her head?’ I asked. â€Å"Because shaking your head is to Indians as nodding your head is to us. She’s saying yes.† Taneem explained. Even though it was minutes after I had left the boy and the woman, I felt so embarrassed at what I did to the boy. My intentions were good, but it looked otherwise.

Strategic management 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic management 1 - Essay Example The fundamental intention of the value chain structure is to make the most of value formation whereas playing down the expenditures. When managers seek to recognize the primary actions within the organization which make up the organization’s value chain, as well as, a competitive advantage that is sustainable to the organization, value chain analysis technique is the most preferred by the managers. The competitive advantage that is enjoyed by an organization stretches out in its capability to carry out vital actions along the value chain better compared to the organization’s competitors. In the endeavor to explain the significance of the value chain analysis technique as a tool for strategic management in an organization, Toyota Motors Company is the focal point that this paper bases its argument. The value chain analysis is run cautiously by linkages which happen to be a crucial competitive advantage source. The value chain analysis fundamentally involves the linkages of both areas. The chain connects the worthiness of the organization’s actions with its primary operational segments. Thereafter, the distinguishing of the involvement of every segment in the general added worthiness to the commercial interest is formed. In line with conducting a value chain analysis, the organization is divided into the most important and holding up actions. The most important actions are concerned with the production activities by the company, whereas the holdings up actions are involved with provision of the necessary background efficiency and effectiveness of the organization including the management process by the human resource. Internal analysis is involved with recognizing and evaluating resources, their capabilities, as well as, the central part competencies. Therefore, it is im perative for organizations such Toyota Motors Company to comprehend that the